The origin of the prokaryotie and eukaryotic fossil plants of Preeambrian has arisen much discussion among paleontologists, especially among paleophyeologists. There are mainly two different views on the origin of prokaryotic cyanophyceae algae. One view suggests that the prokaryotie eyanophyceae algae originated on the earth as early as 3,200 million years ago, while the other holds that these organisms existed about 2300–2400 million years ago. Concerning the beginning of eukaryotie organisms, there are even more disputes. Some well-known paleophycologists take the view that the actual appearance of eukaryotic organisms should be reconsidered in the light of the calculation of the diameter of fossil algae from Preeambrian, the experimental results from silicification of present day microorganisms, especially algae, trod the records from the organelle-like bodies collected from Bitter Springs Formation. In China, due to the recent discovery of Laminarites and Trachyminuscula in Sinian Subera of northwestern Hubei Sheng, locality of Preeambrian strata (about 1300–1600 million years ago), and the finding of some microfossil organisms from the same era through researches over the last few years, we propose that the eukaryotic plants originated at least 1600 million years ago.

Twenty-nine species (or forms) of fossil pollen and spores referred to 23 genera extracted from the petroleum samples taken from the Liaohe oil-field are investigated in this paper. Using the above plant microfossils as indicators, the oil source rock of this oil-field are traced. The spores and pollen extracted from the petroleum reserved in the Shahejie Fomation of the Liaohe oil-field are as follows: Pterisisporites undulatus, Osmundacidites wcllmanii, Plicifera decora, Pinuspollenites labdacus f. minor, Abietineaepolle- nites cembraeformis, A. microsibiricus, Cedripites diversus, Keteleeria dubia, Ephcd- ripites cheganicus, Graminidites sp., Liliacidites sp., Quercoiditcs asper, Retitricolporites sp., Chenopodipollis microporatus, Compositoipollenites sp, etc. The following spores and pollen are extracted from the crude oil reserved in the Dongying Formation of the present oil-field: Osmundacidites wellmanii, Plicifera decora, Pinuspollenites labdacus f. minor, Sparganiaccaepollenites sp., Graminidites sp., Liliacidites sp., Chenopodipollis multiporatus, Compositoipollenites sp., Artemisiaepol- lenites sp., etc. Some Fossil Fungi and Algae are observed from the above mentioned petroleum samples. Comparing the spores and pollen extracted from the petroleum of the Shahejie Formation with those of the sporo-pollen complex of the Shahejie Formation, it may be decided that they all came from the deposits of the Shahejie Formation. This character indicates that the oil source rock should coincide with the oil reservoir rock, and both of them belong to the Shahejie Formation which is referred to Early Tertiary Period. By comparison with the sporo-pollen complexes of the Dongying Formation and the Shahejie Formation, most of the pollen and spores found from the petroleum of the Dongying Formation may be found to come from the Dongying Formation, and the rest of them from the underlying Shahejie Formation. Thus it implies that the petroleum reserved in the Dongying Formation should also originate from the Shahejie Formation.

The present paper is a continuation of previous report. The other five chemical components are isolated from the aqueous extractive of Rhododendron dabanshanensc. They are identified as (+)-catechin, hyperin, grayanotoxin Ⅰ, grayanotoxin Ⅱ and grayanotoxin Ⅳ respectively by chemical methods and spectral analysis.

1. The chlorophyll-protein complexes of sun plant spinach and shade plants Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. and Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques were resolved by SDS-PAGE at lower temperature (2—4 ℃). Besides 8 chlorophyll-containing bands Ⅰa, Ⅰb, Ⅰc, Ⅱa, Ⅱb, Ⅱc, Ⅲ and Ⅳ mentioned in our previous paper (Chu et al., 1980), three more small chlorophyll-containing bands were also observed. Among these small bands Ⅱa which often appeared between Ⅰc and Ⅱa looked like a oligomer of LHCP complex according to its properties in colour, absorption spectrum and fluorescence emission etc. 2. When electrophoresis was carried out at lower temperature (2—4 ℃), the quantity of free pigments (Ⅲ) was obviously lower, while the relative quantities of LHCP Ⅱa, Ⅱb and PS Ⅱ’s band (Ⅳ) were apparently higher than those carried out at higher temperature (12—15 ℃). At lower temperature three bands of Ⅰ could be resolved in shade plants M. monophyllos and C. comosum, and at higher temperature there was only one band of Ⅰ (Ⅰc). But at higher temperature three bands of Ⅰ could be resolved in sunflower. 3. The percentage of LHCP complexes of shade plant M. monophyllos in total amount of chlorophyll (57%) was obviously higher than that of sun plant spinach (43%). The percentage of complexes Ⅰ of sun plant spinach in amount of total chlorophyll (27%) was obviously higher than that of shade plant M. monophyllos (14%). The relative quantity among three bands of Ⅰ in different Plants is different. 4. The chl a/b ratio of LHCP bands of shade plants were lower than that of corresponding bands of sun plants. The chl a/b ratio of Ⅱa of M. monophyllos was 1.1, Ⅱc, 1.2; but that of Ⅱa of spinach was 1.4, Ⅱc, 1.66.

The components of the active molybdenum cofactor in xanthine oxidase was found. The molybdenum cofactor is responsible for the enzymatic activity of the methyl viologen-nitrate reduction. The inactivation of the methyl viologen-nitrate reductase by cyanide is accompanied by the extraction of sulfur from the enzyme. Cyanide inactivated enzyme can be reactivated by incubation with Na2S. The results suggest that the active site of the methyl viologen-nitrate reductase contains an atom of active sulfur which does not originate from the acid labile sulfur of the Fe/S cluster, neither originate from the organic sulfur of the cysteine residue, nor from the sulfur of persulfide. It is probably another type of inorganic sulfur near the molybdenum atoms, The flavin-free xanthine oxidase may be loss entirely its oxidation activity of xanthine to uric acid. In contrast, the activity of the methyl viologen-nitrate reductase is nearly completly insensitive to the flavinfree treatment. Studies on the Fe-free xanthine oxidase, obtained by metal-binding agent phenanthroline and by acid treatment, revealed Fe (in xanthine oxidase it is the Fe of the Fe/S cluster) is also one of the active conponents, functioning in the methyl viologen-nitrate reductase, besides molybdenum.

The present paper is the investigation for the chromosome banding technique of trypsin-Giemsa in plants. Vicia faba, Allium cepa and Secale cereale were used. The fixed roots were hydrolysed in 0.1 N HCl or 45% acetic acid and squashed in a drop of 45% acetic acid. Coverslips were removed by the freezing method and the slides dried in the air. The preparations were then immersed in 0.025% solution of trypsin in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) at 34 ℃ for 10–15 minutes. Staining was performed on 10% Giemsa at pH 7.2. This method has some unique features. It is fast and technically simple and C-banding of good-quality can be consistently demonstrated. In this paper the chromosome banding pattern with trypsin-Giemsa in Vicia faba is analyzed and the mechanism of chromosome banding with trypsin-Giemsa is also discussed.

Anthers with the filament of lily （Lilium davidii var. Willmottiae (Wilson) Roffill） were planted on modified MS medium. Filament cultures were incubated at 25℃± 1℃, and illuminated with a fluorescent light of about 800–1200 lux. Cultured filaments were initially short in length, but gradually became thicker and elongater after 20 days. After 30 days, the calli (about 2 mm in size) were produced. The calli were then transferred to the differentiation medium. After 20 days, the bulblets were developed from the calli, and the regeneration plants were formed after 40 days for tetraploid induction, plantlets were treated by aqueous solution of colchicine. A preliminary ploidy analysis of the root tip cells of these treated plants indicated that it was predominantly tetraploid (4n=48) Of 56 mitotic figures examined, 19 were tetraploid, 10 were diploid and 27 were aneuploid. The intercellular migrating chromatin substance appeared in the calli were also observed.

The pollen development of male sterility wheat induced by Ethrel was studied in comparison with that of normal wheat by transmission and scanning electron-microscope. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The primary morphological changes of abortive wheat pollen after treatment with Ethrel took place in the vacuole stage. The materials of cytoplasm were rarefied. All kinds of the cell organelles and vacuoles became degenerated and disorganized. Inside a small number of cell nuclei, chromatin granules coagulated irregularly. The number and the activity of the Ubisch bodices became reduced evidently. 2. In the mature stage, the differences between the treated wheat and normal wheat became even more striking. The normal pollens were spherical in sharp, and full of starch granules. The treated pollen were monstrous. There was a large empty vacuole in every abortive pollen cell, in which the starch granules were smaller and fewer than these in the normal ones. The nuclei and cytoplasm in some of the abortive pollens were degenerated, leaving only the cell walls. 3. Under scanning electron microscope, it was discovered that the normal wheat pollen were spherical or oval. The germinated pores jutted. The round-openings of the pores could be clearly seen. The abortive pollen induced by Ethrel looked like some shrunken balls, and became deformed and were blocked up. 4. On discussion of the mechanism of the Ethrel-induced male sterility in wheat, the authors suggest that special attention should be paid to the changes of the Ubisch bodies and the vacuoles.

The trunk of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. following ringing about one meter in length, could regenerate new bark without significantly affecting the tree growth. Such regeneration process differed from that following partial stripping in other trees as has been reported previously. After ringing in Eucommia ulmoides, there was primarily a proliferation of xylary mother cells and partly remained cambium cells forming a cork layer which led to the establishmant of a more or less normal complete periderm. At the same time the xylary ray cells near the surface dilated and proliferated until they extended across in continuity with the neighbor rays. No callus formation by the rays emerged from the surface was observed. Among the ray cells following multiplication, some immature xylary elements were also visible. Simultaneously, some immature xylary elements lying internal to region of the dilated and coalesced ray cells gradually transformed into new cambium. Due to the fact that initially part of the xylary ray cells was not completely differentiated, it seemed that some of the remained xylary rays separated the newly formed cambium zone into many segments. Three to four months after ringing, new cambium activity proceeded periclinally so as to establish a complete ring of cambium zone. Subsequent differentiation of newly formed cambium followed the normal pattern of vascular tissue development in this plant.

The comparisons of the ultrastructures of plastids in yellowish mutant and yellowish-green striped mutant and in normal green plant from tissue culture of sugar cane were made. There was no difference found in the structure and development of chloroplasts between the normal green leaves and the green tissue of striped leaves, but the plastid in the yellowish tissue of two kinds of mutants were anomalous. They had not a fully developed system of grana and stroma lameilae as in the normal green leaves. This aberrant plastid contained only some vesicles, a few lamellae and more or less clearly defined ribosome particles and DNA-like mierofibrils, while some stacking and swelling of thylakoids were often observed. In some sections of this aberrant plastid a bunchy lamellae and cross connective fibrils between parallel lamellae were often found too. However, the mixed cell which contains both of normal chloroplast and defective plastid together was never found in the leaves of the mutant plants. It was suggested that yellowish and yellowish-green striped leaves from tissue culture of sugar cane might be caused by nuclear gene mutation.

The transfer of corn chloroplasts into protoplasts of carrot have been carried out. The technique used for this is to exposure the mixture of protoplasts and chloroplasts to PEG solution which induces chloroplast uptake. About 5% of protoplasts of carrot had taken up the chloroplasts of corn leaves.